Vitalik: ZK cannot provide coercion resistance and needs to be used in conjunction with FHE and other technologies

ZCash research expert c-node posted, "MPC, tFHE, and TEEs can build privacy applications that cannot be achieved with ZK, but the privacy strength is weaker. It is recommended to prioritize the use of pure ZK for payments, transfers, and voting."

Vitalik Buterin replied, "ZK itself cannot provide coercion resistance, and in scenarios like voting, it still requires the combination of trusted parties, MPC, FHE, or TEE to achieve that feature. We can enhance system security through layered architectures like ZK + FHE; even if FHE is compromised, all privacy attributes except coercion resistance can still be retained. I suspect a similar situation applies to almost all other cryptographic application scenarios beyond zero-knowledge proofs."