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The General Office of the State Council has released guiding opinions on strengthening regulation, preventing risks, and promoting the high-quality development of private equity investment funds. The opinions mention adhering to goal-oriented and problem-oriented approaches, addressing issues such as the need to improve the access mechanism for the private equity fund industry, inadequate regulation, incomplete systems, insufficient coordination and cooperation among ministries, central and local governments, the failure to implement the responsibilities of some government investment funds and state-owned enterprise investment fund contributors, and the use of some private equity funds as tools for illegal activities, new forms of corruption, and hidden corruption. A system and long-term mechanism for strengthening regulation and preventing risks will be established to promote the development of the industry in a standardized manner and enhance it during development.Uphold functional positioning, coordinate the overall layout, optimize increments, revitalize existing resources, support the excellent and limit the inferior, improve quality and efficiency, and strictly prohibit private equity funds from engaging in illegal activities such as lending and disguised debt. Adhere to classified regulation, implementing "one policy for one category" regulation based on different dimensions such as contributor entities and product types. Insist on regulating both legal and illegal entities, with strict regulation for legal institutions, resolute prohibition of illegal institutions, and severe crackdowns on illegal activities.Promote the revision of the Securities Investment Fund Law. Push for the issuance of judicial documents related to criminal cases involving private equity funds. Formulate regulations for the supervision of private equity fund managers, information disclosure, fundraising, and mandatory custody rules. Introduce standardized arrangements for private equity fund betting agreements. Fully establish a regulatory system for private equity funds that is primarily based on administrative regulation and supplemented by self-regulation.

According to BBX data, yesterday, publicly listed companies in multiple countries globally intensively disclosed their latest strategies regarding the expansion of Bitcoin treasury, stock buybacks, and the authorization of super debt financing tools. The core dynamics are as follows:Strive, Inc. (NASDAQ: $STRE) CEO Matt Cole officially disclosed yesterday that the company has invested approximately $185.2 million to increase its holdings by 2,500 BTC (average purchase price of about $74,092). As a result, Strive's total Bitcoin holdings have reached 19,000 BTC, with a year-to-date (YTD) return of 36.7% and an expansion rate of 57.0%. At the same time, the company has proactively increased its cash reserves to ensure the stable distribution of dividends over the next 18 months.European Bitcoin treasury company Capital B (Euronext Growth Paris: $ALCPB) officially announced that it has opened online voting for the shareholders' meeting until June 17. The board is seeking shareholder authorization to establish a capital increase limit of up to €5 billion and a debt instrument issuance limit of up to €100 billion, aiming to accelerate its Bitcoin treasury strategy and enhance the Bitcoin value per share.Hyperscale Data, Inc. (NYSE: $GPUS) officially announced that as of May 31, 2026, the company holds a total of 704.3405 BTC (with a total value of approximately $51.8 million based on the price of $73,579 on that day). The company also confirmed that it did not execute any Bitcoin purchases in the open market last week, with the increase in holdings mainly coming from the regular mining output of its AI data center.Brazilian listed Bitcoin treasury company OranjeBTC (B3: $OBTC3) announced an increase of 20 BTC in the secondary market (average price of about $75,346), raising its total holdings to 3,762 BTC. Meanwhile, the company repurchased 289,100 shares of OBTC3 during the period, further enhancing the Bitcoin exposure per share through a dual reduction of circulating shares.

Vitalik posted on platform X, stating that building index-tracking assets based on options rather than debt is worth considering and trying, using options as the foundation of DeFi instead of CDPs and liquidation mechanisms. This design can avoid the extreme price fluctuations that cause severe and global liquidation effects, allowing exposure to the index to deviate from preferred exposure in a smoother secondary manner.Its key advantage is that it does not require instant oracles and can operate based on slow oracles, which are the types of oracles used in prediction markets. The design has a clear drawback, which is the need for regular rebalancing, and it remains to be clarified whether and how rebalancing can have sufficient slippage resistance.Vitalik added that compared to relying on oracles that must provide real-time answers and may be induced to give incorrect real-time answers without human remediation time, he believes that holding algorithmic stablecoins placed within such mechanisms is safer.

According to Cointelegraph, Arca Chief Investment Officer Jeff Dorman stated that Strategy's current approximately $15 billion preferred stock financing structure has become "unmanageable." He pointed out that these preferred stocks require about $1.5 billion in dividends each year, and with the ongoing volatility in Bitcoin prices, this structure is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain.Strategy's financing model is based on the premise that "BTC will continue to rise significantly." Although the company previously alleviated short-term default risks by issuing additional shares, its decision to repurchase bonds maturing in 2029 is perplexing. He indicated that Strategy may ultimately have only two options: sell BTC to pay preferred stock dividends or stop paying dividends, both of which would have significant impacts on the company and investors.Meanwhile, Strategy CEO Phong Le stated in an interview with CNBC that the company "may sell Bitcoin" at some point in the future, but overall will continue to increase its BTC holdings and enhance the amount of BTC corresponding to each share.Polymarket data shows that the market now estimates the probability of Strategy selling some BTC by the end of 2026 has risen to about 90%. As of now, Strategy holds a total of 843,738 BTC, with a total cost of approximately $63.87 billion and an average purchase price of about $75,700.

According to BBX data, yesterday there was a structural differentiation in the Bitcoin treasury strategies of globally listed companies and large asset management entities, with the core dynamics as follows:Cardone Capital increases holdings on dips: Grant Cardone, CEO of the well-established American real estate investment and asset management giant Cardone Capital, officially posted on social platform X announcing that the company has increased its holdings by 130 BTC during the recent market correction. He emphasized that as a strategic asset reserve against inflation, the company will continue to utilize cash flow to allocate Bitcoin spot on dips.Sequans liquidates 80% of holdings to repay debts: Sequans Communications S.A. (NYSE: $SQNS) released an official announcement on Thursday, stating that it has successfully redeemed all debts related to its Bitcoin treasury by liquidating approximately 80% of its Bitcoin holdings, marking its official exit from the previous cryptocurrency asset treasury strategy. Currently, the company holds only 658 BTC and is completely debt-free, with future focus shifting back to its core business in IoT and cellular semiconductors.

According to the official announcement from Strategy, Strategy has completed the repurchase of $1.5 billion of 2029 convertible bonds at a discount of approximately 8%, generating an additional 0.7% BTC Yield, and the company's total debt has been reduced to $6.7 billion. From the beginning of 2026 to now, Strategy has achieved a 13.3% BTC Yield, with BTC gains reaching 89,378 coins, valued at approximately $6.8 billion. As of May 25, 2026, the company holds a total of 843,738 BTC, with a total purchase cost of approximately $63.87 billion, at an average price of about $75,700 per coin.

Fluid released a recap of the Resolv incident, stating that on March 22, Resolv was compromised due to an attack on its signature infrastructure, resulting in the malicious issuance of approximately $80 million in unsecured USR. Fluid faced a risk exposure of about $100 million, leading to approximately $21 million in bad debt. The final plan is as follows: Resolv will bear about $9.7 million, the Fluid governance treasury will bear $8.2 million, the team will bear $1.5 million, and the remaining USR within the protocol has been destroyed by Resolv at the contract level.Fluid stated that its smart contracts were not breached, all user funds are safe, and the protocol maintains full solvency. In addition, Fluid has upgraded its oracle and pricing risk control systems and will suspend buybacks, significantly reduce, or eliminate FLUID incentives.

According to official news, MARA's revenue in the first quarter was $174.6 million, a year-on-year decrease of 18%, with a net loss of $1.3 billion, mainly affected by the unrealized loss of 38,689 bitcoins on the balance sheet. MARA sold approximately $1.1 billion in bitcoins during the quarter to pay off debt and improve liquidity.The company stated that bitcoin mining remains the cornerstone of its operations, but it is shifting its business towards AI and digital infrastructure, and it does not expect to make large-scale ASIC miner purchases in the future. Currently, its hash rate has expanded to 72.2 EH/s, and it mined a total of 2,247 bitcoins during the quarter.

According to Forbes, Bitcoin bulls have added a macro narrative. Ray Dalio, founder of Bridgewater Associates, warned that the $39 trillion debt crisis in the U.S. could lead to a long-term devaluation or even collapse of the dollar, while JPMorgan analysts believe that the market is witnessing a rotation from gold to Bitcoin in the currency devaluation trade.Dalio stated that the current annual spending in the U.S. is about $7 trillion, with revenues of only about $5 trillion, and the long-term fiscal deficit and debt expansion are nearing historically dangerous levels. He believes that during similar periods, fiat currencies tend to depreciate continuously, while gold benefits.Meanwhile, JPMorgan analyst Nikolaos Panigirtzoglou pointed out that as the conflict in Iran escalates, the inflow of funds into Bitcoin ETFs has continued to exceed that of gold ETFs, with some funds viewing Bitcoin as digital gold and a hedge against dollar devaluation.The report mentioned that since the outbreak of the U.S.-Iran conflict, the price of Bitcoin has risen by about 30%, although it is still below the historical high of $126,000 in 2025. Notable investors, including Stanley Druckenmiller and Elon Musk, have also expressed concerns about the long-term status of the dollar as a reserve currency.

The Mantle community has authorized the Mantle Treasury to provide a loan of up to 30,000 ETH to the Aave DAO through proposal MIP - 34, to address the bad debt impact caused by the rsETH cross-chain bridge security incident on Aave V3.According to the proposal, the loan term is up to 36 months, with an interest rate of LIDO + 1% annualized, and the borrower can repay early without penalty. In terms of risk control, Mantle will have priority security rights over the relevant collateral assets, and Aave will also provide additional collateral in the form of Aave tokens and protocol revenue worth no less than $11 million, and will delegate 130,000 Aave tokens to Mantle for governance participation.

Curve Finance officially announced that it is introducing a bad debt recovery mechanism based on on-chain market mechanisms, allowing CRV-affected users in certain lending markets with bad debts to choose different recovery strategies: directly selling their claims to exit, continuing to hold and wait for potential recovery, or providing liquidity to earn fees and incentives. The core of this mechanism is to establish a trading pool between crvUSD and the tokens of the affected claims, allowing bad debt claims to be priced in the market and creating liquidity, thereby providing users with an immediate exit channel instead of relying solely on the final liquidation results.It is reported that after the cryptocurrency market crash in October last year, some lending markets under Curve Finance experienced bad debt issues, with various liquidity pools being impacted by severe price fluctuations and liquidity contraction, leading to some deposit users facing withdrawal restrictions and asset losses.Curve stated that the recovery mechanism will not eliminate losses or guarantee recovery, but will gradually reflect risks and recovery expectations through a market-oriented approach. Additionally, if the governance layer distributes rewards through the veCRV incentive mechanism, it will help enhance liquidity depth, improve exit conditions, and strengthen market pricing efficiency.

The Curve team has published a proposal on the governance forum, addressing approximately $700,000 in bad debt generated by the CRV-long LlamaLend market, proposing a recovery mechanism based on the free market.This mechanism utilizes the option characteristics of the CRV-long treasury assets: when the price of CRV rises, the value of the treasury assets increases, and when the price falls, it does not further depreciate. The proposal suggests establishing a Curve stable pool with a low amplification coefficient (A=2) and a high redemption fee (1%), concentrating the liquidity of the treasury tokens around a repayment capability level of approximately 71%. Arbitrageurs can profit by purchasing treasury tokens through flash loans and conducting partial liquidations.Curve DAO has been invited to approve incentive measures for this pool, and the management fees collected will be retained in the treasury in the form of treasury tokens. If this mechanism is successful, it will serve as a reference solution for similar situations.

DefiLlama founder 0xngmi posted on platform X, stating that after verifying the data, if the funds seized by Arbitrum are prioritized for use in the AAVE market on Arbitrum, Aave will have no bad debt on Arbitrum under the condition that all rsETH share the depreciation.In a scenario where only the value of the mainnet rsETH is guaranteed (ignoring the value of the mapped version of rsETH on Layer 2), Aave will reduce bad debt on Arbitrum by 80%, from $88 million to $17 million.

Dragonfly Capital partner Haseeb tweeted that despite recent issues such as bad debts with AAVE, he remains optimistic about the long-term development of DeFi.Haseeb pointed out that the DeFi industry learns and progresses through repeated failures. Whether it was the collapse of Terra, the failed auction on Black Friday in 2020, or the stETH de-pegging incident in 2022, DeFi has repeatedly faced setbacks, but it becomes stronger after each failure. This is no different from TradFi—traditional finance has also experienced multiple failures, such as the 2008 banking crisis, the lending crisis, and the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s.The core of DeFi is risk aversion and resilience. Even with some bad debts like those of AAVE, the protocol has enough equity to cover the losses, and these failures are not fatal. He emphasized that DeFi will not disappear, and the intense discussions around how to improve DeFi are part of its ongoing progress. He is bullish on DeFi and on this community.

Aave officially stated that there may be two types of bad debts arising from the rsETH theft incident, depending on the different handling of rsETH. If the stolen losses are deducted from all circulating rsETH, it is expected to generate $123.7 million in bad debts, which is concentrated in the Ethereum mainnet in absolute terms, and is most severe in proportion on Mantle.If the value of the mainnet rsETH is guaranteed, and all losses are accounted for in the mapped version of rsETH on Layer 2, it is expected to generate $230.1 million in bad debts, all of which will be on Layer 2. Mantle will face a 71.45% WETH shortfall, and Arbitrum will face a 26.67% shortfall; the Ethereum mainnet will not be affected. Aave added that which situation ultimately occurs depends on decisions that Aave cannot control, mainly the accounting method for rsETH and the exchange rate update method of the LRT Oracle.

Well-known developer and Yuga Labs Vice President 0xQuit posted on X that the situation with Aave is dire and worsening, with multiple liquidity pools reaching 100% utilization, causing depositors to be "stuck," and the protocol facing further bad debt risks... If the price of ETH drops and Aave cannot effectively liquidate (which is indeed the case currently), it will ultimately lead to inefficient liquidations, resulting in more bad debt. If the problem cannot be resolved quickly, this situation may snowball.